FHWA Definitions (23 CFR §420.203)

  • Research
     means a systematic study directed toward fuller scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject studied. Research can be basic or applied.
  • Basic research
    means
     the study of phenomena, and of observable facts, without specific applications towards processes or products in mind; the primary purpose of this kind of research is to increase knowledge.
  • Applied research
    means
     the study of phenomena to gain knowledge or understanding necessary for determining the means by which a recognized need may be met; the primary purpose of this kind of research is to answer a question or solve a problem.
  • Development
    means
     the systematic use of the knowledge or understanding gained from research, directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes and processes.
  • Technology Transfer
    means
     those activities that lead to the adoption of a new technique or product by users, and involves dissemination, demonstration, training, and other activities that lead to eventual innovation.
  • Research, Development, and Technology Transfer (RD&T)
     activity means a basic or applied research project or study, development, or technology transfer activity.