6.4 Placing Concrete
As mentioned above, concrete can be placed in front of the
paving operations using a number of methods. Regardless of which
method is used, concrete should be placed as near as possible to
the final location. Concrete should never be moved using rakes or
vibrators, as these methods cause segregation. Concrete should only
be moved by the use of shovels or the augers mounted on the spreader
and paver.
In order to promote proper hydration, concrete placed should
have a temperature between 40°F and 95°F. It is allowed to use the
loads that are already in transit when the temperature was found
to exceed the allowable limits. Immediate action must be taken or
paving operations ceased until the concrete temperature is corrected.
When the ambient temperature in the shade is 40°F and falling,
concrete should not be placed. Typical concrete paving mix designs
have relatively low cement contents and usually contain fly ash. This
combination of materials tends to make the concrete susceptible
to prolonged set times and slow strength gains in cold weather conditions,
which can lead to plastic shrinkage cracking. If the ambient temperature
is expected to drop below freezing, precautions must be taken to
ensure the freshly placed concrete is protected against freezing.
Placing concrete during hot weather can also lead to plastic
shrinkage cracking if proper curing is not performed as soon as
possible after texturing operations. If there is a delay in application
of the curing method, measures should be taken to ensure that the
unprotected pavement surface is kept from drying. The use of fog
sprays, wind screens, or evaporation retardants are acceptable methods to
prevent the surface from drying.