Many TSMO projects have been shown to significantly reduce the number of crashes, as well as the severity of vehicular crashes when they do occur. TSMO projects may reduce the chance of crash exposure by smoothing the flow of traffic and alerting drivers of potential interferences. TSMO projects may also reduce the severity of crashes by improving the emergency response to incidents through shorter response times and improved preparedness. The costs associated with crashes include the actual costs, such as medical treatment and property damage, and the cost to avoid, which is an estimate of the value that individuals would be expected to pay to avoid being involved in a crash.