Zone 2 Loss Methods

Generally determine the losses in Zone 2 by one of the following methods depending on the flow characteristics and the engineer's judgment:

Standard Step Backwater Method

(based on balance of energy principle)

Momentum Balance Method

WSPRO Contraction Loss Method

[This is a method, not limited to the WSPRO program.]

Pressure Flow Method

Empirical Energy Loss Method (HDS 1)

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Section 4: Hydraulics of Bridge Openings